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How Solar Panels Convert Sunlight to Electricity Solar voltaics, utilizing photovoltaic (PV) cells, significantly harnesses the sun's energy. Discovered in 1839 by Edmond Becquerel, solar panels have been pivotal in renewable energy, particularly in the U.S., for both commercial and residential applications. These panels, made from silicon-based PV cells (either polycrystalline or monocrystalline), efficiently convert sunlight into electricity. This involves photons activating silicon electrons, producing an electrical charge that inverters then convert from direct to alternating current for diverse applications. Technological advancements, like doping silicon with boron and phosphorus, have enhanced efficiency and performance, which remains robust in various weather conditions. In 2022, residential solar in the U.S. powered around 3.5 million homes, while solar's overall contribution to utility-scale electricity was 3.3%, enough for over 10 million homes annually. Continuously evolving, solar energy is a key, sustainable power source in the U.S., synergizing with other renewables like wind. For transporting solar panels, Titan offers nationwide heavy haul services.